biblical references

He created The Gospel According to St. Matthew and repeatedly mined biblical narratives as frameworks for exploring spirituality, politics, and human suffering in contemporary contexts.

His filmography obsessively returns to themes of guilt, redemption, and divine judgment, most explicitly in The Last Temptation of Christ, but permeating works like Taxi Driver and The Irishman.

He crafted profound meditations on faith, martyrdom, and the divine through meticulously composed films like The Passion of Joan of Arc and Vampyr, treating biblical and spiritual themes with unparalleled visual poetry.