commerce

His films critique industrial capitalism and commercialism, most famously in 'Modern Times' where he satirizes the dehumanizing effects of mass production and consumer culture.

He examined commerce, capitalism, and consumerism as systems of control and exploitation throughout his career, particularly in films like 'The Merchant of Four Seasons' and 'Querelle'.

His neorealist works deeply explore how commercial systems and market forces affect working-class lives and human dignity in films like 'I, Daniel Blake' and 'Kes'.