religious morality

His films like 'The Seventh Seal' and 'Winter Light' profoundly interrogate faith, doubt, and the existence of God through intimate character struggles.

He examined religious morality and spirituality through controversial, poetic lenses in films like 'The Gospel According to St. Matthew' and 'Theorema.'

His Calvinist upbringing deeply informs films like 'American Gigolo' and 'First Reformed,' exploring guilt, redemption, and moral transcendence.