self-inflicted harm

His films like *Black Swan* and *The Wrestler* depict protagonists whose obsessions and psychological struggles drive them toward physical and emotional self-destruction.

His visceral works such as *Irréversible* and *Climax* explore how characters' choices and compulsions lead to catastrophic self-harm and trauma.

His provocative films like *Dancer in the Dark* and *Antichrist* intensely examine how pain, guilt, and despair manifest as self-inflicted suffering.