stigmata

His films obsessively explore sacred suffering and the body as a site of spiritual and political trauma, particularly in works like 'Teorema' and 'Salò'.

He visualizes internal psychological and spiritual wounds through grotesque bodily transformation, treating stigmata as manifestations of inner torment in films like 'The Fly' and 'eXistenZ'.

His cinema persistently examines suffering, redemption, and the marks of trauma on the body and psyche, with explicit engagement in 'Antichrist' and 'Dogville'.