surrogacy

His film 'Another Year' and broader naturalistic approach explores complex family dynamics and emotional surrogacy through intimate character relationships.

His works like 'Calendar' and 'The Sweet Hereafter' delve into themes of substitution, loss, and emotional displacement as forms of psychological surrogacy.

His film 'Nobody Knows' and 'Shoplifters' profoundly examine chosen family structures and unconventional caregiving relationships that function as surrogacy.